從yt英語兔補足了些英文概念,後來覺得可以透過台灣測驗中心 強化文法。
對英文的策略注重生活應用跟知識點補全,不像日語是興趣導向,這邊除了知道欠缺,還要深入,所以這份文件會像讀書筆記的形式,下次在Tandem跟阿豆阿聊天就能更順暢啦。
動詞三態:原型,過去式,過去分詞
take:動詞原型
- took:過去式,用於過去簡單式
- taken:過去分詞,用於完成式,被動語態,或「被動」、「完成」意味的形容詞
- takes:現在式,用於第三人稱,單數
- taking:現在分詞,用於進行式,或「主動」、「正在」意味的形容詞
一個句子只能有一個謂語動詞,其他要改非謂語,或拆成2句。
The rabbit [eats] carrots.
The rabbit [ate] carrots.
The rabbit [is eating] carrots.
The rabbit [has eaten] carrots.
謂語動詞
- Tense時態:4種時間[ 過去,現在,將來,過去將來( 過去時間點的將來)]
- Aspect語態:4種狀態[ 簡單,進行,完成,完成進行( 完成後還繼續)]
- Mood語氣:情感, 語調
- 陳述 The rabbit ate the carrot.
- 祈使 Rabbit, eat the carrot.
- 虛擬
現在相反:條件:過去,主句: would+動詞原型
if I saw the rabbit now, I would bite him. (跟現在事實相反, 虛擬語氣可能小,都用should, would…)
將來相反:條件:should+動詞原型,主句:would+動詞原型
If I should see the rabbit, I would bite him. (跟將來事實相反,可能性小,不能用will)
過去相反:條件:had+動詞過去分詞,主句:would have+動詞過去分詞
If I had seen the rabbit a few days ago, I would have bitten him. (跟過去相反,要改過去完成) - 希望
I would rather that you hadn’t eaten the carrot.(希望你之前沒吃胡蘿蔔) - 請求
I demand/suggested/insisted/ordered that you give me a carrot. - 疑問
- 條件
- 感嘆
Tense 4* Aspect 4= 16個時態
16時態
簡單式(事實):I (ate/eat/will eat/would[should] eat) apples.
進行式(動作):I (was/am/will be/would[should] be) eating an apple.
完成式(結果):I (had/have/will have/would[should] have) eaten an apple.
完成進行(持續):I (had/have/will have/would[should] have) eating.
非謂語動詞
動名詞
動詞+ing變名詞,跟現在分詞一樣但是名詞,永遠是單數形式,當主詞其後的動詞必須採用第三人稱單數
Mom doesn’t like “my” eating too much junk food.( 動名詞 eating 前面用人稱代名詞 my)
Justin’s girlfriend likes “his” singing in the shower.( 用人稱代名詞)不定詞
to+動詞原型變名詞、形容詞、或副詞
It’s good to let kids “fail” sometimes.( 使役動詞 let, make, have 後面跟著不帶 to 的不定詞)
I must “finish” my homework before 9.( 情態助動詞(如:must, would)後面要用省略 to 的不定詞.)
You’d better “finish” the report.( Had better 後面的不定詞 to 必須省略)分詞
現在分詞,過去分詞,都是形容詞,用來修飾「名詞」或「代名詞」,或是當補語使用,或與助動詞形成各種時式或被動語態
News of the devastating new virus has triggered a heightened sense of anxiety.
分詞的功能很多樣,除了用來形成「時態」,也可以用來形成「被動語態」,也可以當「形容詞」修飾人事物,還可以用來簡化句子,也就是文法老師常說的「分詞構句」,他的主詞要一致,口語常用
I sat down, turning on the computer.現在分詞 eating
(be+現在分詞,不一定現在,表示主動進行)
Eating everything, I survived.
The rabbit is eating.當形容詞 a moving car.
補語 I saw Mary dancing in the room.過去分詞 eaten
(不能表示時間,表示被動完成)
會搭配 has / have / had 形成「完成式」
This is a half-eaten carrot.
The rabbit has eaten.形容詞 A moved car.
完成式
He has made a cake.
他已經做了一個蛋糕 (現在完成式)
We have made a cake.
我們已經做了一個蛋糕 (現在完成式)
He had made a cake.
他之前已經做了一個蛋糕(過去完成式)
句子
可以分割成兩部分:「主部」 (Subject, 主角部分) 與「述部」 (Predicate, 描述主角動作或狀態的部分)
獨立子句: 能夠表達一個完整的思維的子句
兩個獨立子句不能用逗號分開,要加連接詞
I left on time,but
I arrived late.Although
I left on time, I arrived late.
I left on time; however,
I arrived late.從屬子句: 不能表達完整思維,從屬連接詞或關係代名詞起頭
Poverty,insofar as
it means a daily fight for subsistence, is humankind’s natural state.
從屬連接詞 “insofar as” - “到…的程度,在…範圍內”
從屬子句若夾在主要子句中間,前後要加逗號「,」隔開
Corporations are not hiringbecause consumers are not spending.
從屬子句單獨存在
片語
因為缺少主部或述部、或兩者均缺,不能變句子。
名詞片語: “限定詞 + (修飾語) + 名詞”的形式呈現,修飾語可有可無
The grammar book
on the desk is mine.介系詞片語:「介系詞」起頭,「名詞」或「代名詞」結尾 注意
Anthony runs awkwardlyin this new pair of shoes
.動名詞片語: 動名詞以及相關的受詞或修飾語所構成
Reading books quietlyis
my favorite pastime.動名詞片語永遠是單數形式
不定詞片語: 具有名詞、形容詞、或副詞的功能
To pass the exam
is my goal.分詞片語: 由現在分詞或過去分詞結合其他字所形成,都是當作形容詞
The theater,destroyed
by a fire, was never rebuilt.
過去分詞片語”destroyed by a fire” 修飾名詞 “The theater”。
五大句型
S+Vi (主語+
完全不及物動詞
)
動詞本身可以完整表達,不需受詞或補語,可用副詞修飾(省略不影響結構)Vi: rise, ring, come, fall 可以完整表達
Papa Rabbit sleeps sweetly.S+Vi+C (主語+
不完全不及物動詞
+補語)
動詞本身不能表達主詞意思,要加補語Vi: is, become, taste, turn 不能完整表達
The soup tastes delicious.S+Vt+O (主語+
完全及物動詞
+受詞)
動詞本身不能表達完整句意,要加受詞Vt: love, have, enjoy, decide 需要受詞
Papa Rabbit likes you.S+Vt+O+C (主語+
不完全及物動詞
+受詞+補語)
動詞本身不能表達完整句意,要加兩個受詞Vt: give, bring, send, show 要有人,物雙受詞
The man painted the house green.S+Vt+O+O (主語+
授與動詞
+兩個受詞)
動詞本身不能表達完整句意,要受詞與受詞補語Vt: make, find, keep, see 要受詞與受詞補語
Thanks for your help — it saved a lot of work for me .
判斷句型
- 不及物動詞?
- 及物後接受詞就可以了?
- 有授與動詞?
主謂一致
語法一致
謂語動詞are跟名詞carrots單複一致
Carrots are delicious.
非謂語動詞當主語相當於單數名詞
To eat a carrot is good for the rabbit.
複數主語用複數動詞(但不一定,要看主語意義)
The rabbit and wolf are at the party.
假象主語
as well as/except/but要用單數動詞
The rabbit (as well as other animals) gets a carrot.
不定代詞做主語看單複數
“Everyone” gets “a” carrot.意義一致
主語意義跟謂語動詞一致
Ten years is a long time.
不定代詞要看意義決定單複
All(看代表什麼)is/are quite.
看意義決定
The cattle are on the hill.
單複同型皆可
The sheep are eating gress.
集合看強調什麼
The rabbit’s family [is huge/are at home.]
[All the furniture] is expensive.
The+ 形容詞看句子決定單複
The young are expected to learn from the old.
The new is going to replace the old.就近一致
or/either or/neither nor/not only but also要就近
Either you or I “am” going to the party.
There is “a carrot” and “two apples” on the table.
補充
- 及物動詞必須有個受詞;不完全動詞後面需要有個補語;授與動詞則需要兩個受詞
- 動名詞ing代表名詞,現在分詞ing代表形容詞
- 過去分詞是指主詞本身的感受;使用現在分詞是指他人(相對於主詞)的感受
自然發音
[字母] 在詞開頭發音:在詞結尾發音
[L] 了last:喔global - lol
[M] 麼mom:恩mom - mom
[N] 呢near:恩an - nan
[R] 惹role:兒near - rear
漏忙難銳兒。
增進口說
參考資料
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