Lunski's Clutter

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英文補全

我們進行了第二母語計畫,也讀了科技英文,下一步呢?

從yt英語兔補足了些英文概念,後來覺得可以透過台灣測驗中心 強化文法。

對英文的策略注重生活應用跟知識點補全,不像日語是興趣導向,這邊除了知道欠缺,還要深入,所以這份文件會像讀書筆記的形式,下次在Tandem跟阿豆阿聊天就能更順暢啦。

動詞三態:原型,過去式,過去分詞

take:動詞原型

  • took:過去式,用於過去簡單式
  • taken:過去分詞,用於完成式,被動語態,或「被動」、「完成」意味的形容詞
  • takes:現在式,用於第三人稱,單數
  • taking:現在分詞,用於進行式,或「主動」、「正在」意味的形容詞

一個句子只能有一個謂語動詞,其他要改非謂語,或拆成2句。

The rabbit [eats] carrots.
The rabbit [ate] carrots.
The rabbit [is eating] carrots.
The rabbit [has eaten] carrots.

謂語動詞

  • Tense時態:4種時間[ 過去,現在,將來,過去將來( 過去時間點的將來)]
  • Aspect語態:4種狀態[ 簡單,進行,完成,完成進行( 完成後還繼續)]
  • Mood語氣:情感, 語調
    • 陳述 The rabbit ate the carrot.
    • 祈使 Rabbit, eat the carrot.
    • 虛擬
      現在相反:條件:過去,主句: would+動詞原型
      if I saw the rabbit now, I would bite him. (跟現在事實相反, 虛擬語氣可能小,都用should, would…)
      將來相反:條件:should+動詞原型,主句:would+動詞原型
      If I should see the rabbit, I would bite him. (跟將來事實相反,可能性小,不能用will)
      過去相反:條件:had+動詞過去分詞,主句:would have+動詞過去分詞
      If I had seen the rabbit a few days ago, I would have bitten him. (跟過去相反,要改過去完成)
    • 希望
      I would rather that you hadn’t eaten the carrot.(希望你之前沒吃胡蘿蔔)
    • 請求
      I demand/suggested/insisted/ordered that you give me a carrot.
    • 疑問
    • 條件
    • 感嘆

Tense 4* Aspect 4= 16個時態

16時態

簡單式(事實):I (ate/eat/will eat/would[should] eat) apples.
進行式(動作):I (was/am/will be/would[should] be) eating an apple.
完成式(結果):I (had/have/will have/would[should] have) eaten an apple.
完成進行(持續):I (had/have/will have/would[should] have) eating.

非謂語動詞

  • 動名詞
    動詞+ing變名詞,跟現在分詞一樣但是名詞,永遠是單數形式,當主詞其後的動詞必須採用第三人稱單數
    Mom doesn’t like “my” eating too much junk food.( 動名詞 eating 前面用人稱代名詞 my)
    Justin’s girlfriend likes “his” singing in the shower.( 用人稱代名詞)

  • 不定詞
    to+動詞原型變名詞、形容詞、或副詞
    It’s good to let kids “fail” sometimes.( 使役動詞 let, make, have 後面跟著不帶 to 的不定詞)
    I must “finish” my homework before 9.( 情態助動詞(如:must, would)後面要用省略 to 的不定詞.)
    You’d better “finish” the report.( Had better 後面的不定詞 to 必須省略)

  • 分詞
    現在分詞,過去分詞,都是形容詞,用來修飾「名詞」或「代名詞」,或是當補語使用,或與助動詞形成各種時式或被動語態
    News of the devastating new virus has triggered a heightened sense of anxiety.
    分詞的功能很多樣,除了用來形成「時態」,也可以用來形成「被動語態」,也可以當「形容詞」修飾人事物,還可以用來簡化句子,也就是文法老師常說的「分詞構句」,他的主詞要一致,口語常用
    I sat down, turning on the computer.

    • 現在分詞 eating
      (be+現在分詞,不一定現在,表示主動進行)
      Eating everything, I survived.
      The rabbit is eating.

      當形容詞 a moving car.
      補語 I saw Mary dancing in the room.

    • 過去分詞 eaten
      (不能表示時間,表示被動完成)
      會搭配 has / have / had 形成「完成式」
      This is a half-eaten carrot.
      The rabbit has eaten.

      形容詞 A moved car.
      完成式
      He has made a cake.
      他已經做了一個蛋糕 (現在完成式)
      We have made a cake.
      我們已經做了一個蛋糕 (現在完成式)
      He had made a cake.
      他之前已經做了一個蛋糕(過去完成式)

句子

可以分割成兩部分:「主部」 (Subject, 主角部分) 與「述部」 (Predicate, 描述主角動作或狀態的部分)

  • 獨立子句: 能夠表達一個完整的思維的子句
    兩個獨立子句不能用逗號分開,要加連接詞
    I left on time, but I arrived late.
    Although I left on time, I arrived late.
    I left on time; however, I arrived late.

  • 從屬子句: 不能表達完整思維,從屬連接詞或關係代名詞起頭
    Poverty, insofar as it means a daily fight for subsistence, is humankind’s natural state.
    從屬連接詞 “insofar as” - “到…的程度,在…範圍內”
    從屬子句若夾在主要子句中間,前後要加逗號「,」隔開
    Corporations are not hiring because consumers are not spending.
    從屬子句單獨存在

片語

因為缺少主部或述部、或兩者均缺,不能變句子。

  • 名詞片語: “限定詞 + (修飾語) + 名詞”的形式呈現,修飾語可有可無
    The grammar book on the desk is mine.

  • 介系詞片語:「介系詞」起頭,「名詞」或「代名詞」結尾 注意
    Anthony runs awkwardly in this new pair of shoes.

  • 動名詞片語: 動名詞以及相關的受詞或修飾語所構成
    Reading books quietly is my favorite pastime.
    動名詞片語永遠是單數形式

  • 不定詞片語: 具有名詞、形容詞、或副詞的功能
    To pass the exam is my goal.

  • 分詞片語: 由現在分詞或過去分詞結合其他字所形成,都是當作形容詞
    The theater, destroyed by a fire, was never rebuilt.
    過去分詞片語”destroyed by a fire” 修飾名詞 “The theater”。

五大句型

  1. S+Vi (主語+完全不及物動詞)
    動詞本身可以完整表達,不需受詞或補語,可用副詞修飾(省略不影響結構)
    Vi: rise, ring, come, fall 可以完整表達
    Papa Rabbit sleeps sweetly.

  2. S+Vi+C (主語+不完全不及物動詞+補語)
    動詞本身不能表達主詞意思,要加補語
    Vi: is, become, taste, turn 不能完整表達
    The soup tastes delicious.

  3. S+Vt+O (主語+完全及物動詞+受詞)
    動詞本身不能表達完整句意,要加受詞
    Vt: love, have, enjoy, decide 需要受詞
    Papa Rabbit likes you.

  4. S+Vt+O+C (主語+不完全及物動詞+受詞+補語)
    動詞本身不能表達完整句意,要加兩個受詞
    Vt: give, bring, send, show 要有人,物雙受詞
    The man painted the house green.

  5. S+Vt+O+O (主語+授與動詞+兩個受詞)
    動詞本身不能表達完整句意,要受詞與受詞補語
    Vt: make, find, keep, see 要受詞與受詞補語
    Thanks for your help — it saved a lot of work for me .

判斷句型

  1. 不及物動詞?
  2. 及物後接受詞就可以了?
  3. 有授與動詞?

主謂一致

  • 語法一致

    謂語動詞are跟名詞carrots單複一致
    Carrots are delicious.
    非謂語動詞當主語相當於單數名詞
    To eat a carrot is good for the rabbit.
    複數主語用複數動詞(但不一定,要看主語意義)
    The rabbit and wolf are at the party.
    假象主語
    as well as/except/but要用單數動詞
    The rabbit (as well as other animals) gets a carrot.
    不定代詞做主語看單複數
    “Everyone” gets “a” carrot.

  • 意義一致

    主語意義跟謂語動詞一致
    Ten years is a long time.
    不定代詞要看意義決定單複
    All(看代表什麼)is/are quite.
    看意義決定
    The cattle are on the hill.
    單複同型皆可
    The sheep are eating gress.
    集合看強調什麼
    The rabbit’s family [is huge/are at home.]
    [All the furniture] is expensive.
    The+ 形容詞看句子決定單複
    The young are expected to learn from the old.
    The new is going to replace the old.

  • 就近一致

    or/either or/neither nor/not only but also要就近
    Either you or I “am” going to the party.
    There is “a carrot” and “two apples” on the table.

補充

  • 及物動詞必須有個受詞;不完全動詞後面需要有個補語;授與動詞則需要兩個受詞
  • 動名詞ing代表名詞,現在分詞ing代表形容詞
  • 過去分詞是指主詞本身的感受;使用現在分詞是指他人(相對於主詞)的感受

自然發音

  • [字母] 在詞開頭發音:在詞結尾發音

  • [L] 了last:喔global - lol

  • [M] 麼mom:恩mom - mom

  • [N] 呢near:恩an - nan

  • [R] 惹role:兒near - rear

漏忙難銳兒。

增進口說

Cake
Elsa Speak

參考資料

台灣測驗中心
英文架構- 英語兔
英文庫


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